References:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1n...
MMDC's hatchery strategy was to achieve total independence from wild giant clam populations. This goal was achieved for Tridacna derasa. As of March, 1990, the MMDC Giant Clam Ocean Nursery contained more than 10,000 mature first- and second-generation Tridacna derasa, ranging in age from 6-11 years. These specimens constituted the world's largest captive-bred giant clam gene bank.
Hundreds of mature wild broodstock specimens of Tridacna gigas and Tridacna squamosa were also present in the nursery. Thousands of first-generation Hippopus hippopus and hundreds of Hippopus porcellanus were also raised to full maturity (male and female phase) at MMDC.
By 1994, thousands of H. Hippopus first-generation offspring were raised to full male/female phase maturity entirely in land-based tanks in only 3 years, with daily supplements of dissolved inorganic nitrogen. This breakthrough proved that the entire life cycle of H. hippopus could be completed in land-based tanks, without the need of an ocean nursery.
For more information on Giant Clam Farming, see the videos on this channel and refer to "Giant Clam Farming," a 179-page manual authored by Heslinga, Watson and Isamu and published in 1990 by the Pacific Fisheries Development Foundation.
Selected References:
Beckvar, N. 1981. Cultivation, spawning and growth of the giant clams Tridacna gigas, T. derasa and T. squamosa in Palau, Caroline Islands. Aquaculture 24: 21-30.
Fitt, W. K., C. R. Fisher, and R. R. Trench. 1986. Contribution of the symbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium microadriaticum to the nutrition, growth and survival of larval and juvenile tridacnid clams. Aquaculture 55: 5-22.
Fitt, W. K., G. A. Heslinga, and T. C. Watson. 1992. Use of antibiotics in the mariculture of giant clams (F. Tridacnidae). Aquaculture 104: 1-10.
Fitt, W. K., G. A. Heslinga, and T. C. Watson. 1993. Utilization of dissolved inorganic nutrients in growth and mariculture of the tridacnid clam Tridacna derasa. Aquaculture 109: 27-38.
Hastie, L. C., T. C. Watson, T. Isamu and G. A. Heslinga. 1992. Effect of nutrient enrichment on Tridacna derasa seed: dissolved inorganic nitrogen increases growth rate. Aquaculture 106: 41-49.
Heslinga, G. A. 1989. Biology and culture of the giant clam. In: Manzi, J. and M. Castagna (eds.), Clam Mariculture in North America. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 461 p.
Heslinga, G. A. and W. K. Fitt. 1987. The domestication of reef-dwelling clams, BioScience 37: 332-339.
Heslinga, G. A., Perron, F. E. and Orak, O. 1984. Mass culture of giant clams (f. Tridacnidae) in Palau. Aquaculture 39: 197-215.
Heslinga, G. A., Watson, T. C. and T. Isamu. 1990. Giant Clam Farming. Pacific Fisheries Development Foundation (NMFS/NOAA). 179 p.
Maruyama, T. and G. A. Heslinga. 1997. Fecal discharge of zooxanthellae in the giant clam Tridacna derasa, with reference to their in situ growth rate. Marine Biology 127: 473-477.
Perron, F E., G. A. Heslinga and J. O. Fagolimul. 1985. The gastropod Cymatium muricinum, a predator on juvenile tridacnid clams. Aquaculture 48: 211-221.
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